One Way

Popular Filters

One Way Price

SGD 1,749 SGD 3,400

Duration

26 h 30 m 55 h 30 m

Stops From Chiang Mai

Departure From Chiang Mai

6 AM - 12 PM

SGD 1,762

12 PM - 6 PM

SGD 1,749

Arrival at Kuwait

Before 6 AM

SGD 1,762

6 AM - 12 PM

SGD 1,956

12 PM - 6 PM

SGD 1,749

Alliances & Airlines

Oneworld

(3)

SkyTeam

()

Star Alliance

(3)

+ 2 more

Layover Airports

+ 2 more

Layover Duration

12 h 50 m 41 h 30 m

Chiang Mai To Kuwait Flights

Book Chiang Mai to Kuwait flight tickets at lowest price. Get best deals on your upcoming Chiang Mai to Kuwait flights only on MakeMyTrip. Also Book Kuwait to Chiang Mai Flights. Currently 14 flights flying from Chiang Mai to Kuwait. To save maximum on flight booking click on below Fare Calendar button and choose your dates.Avail Zero Cancellation for flight bookings.


Sorted By:
Departure
Duration
Arrival
Price
Malaysia Airlines

SGD 1,749

Transit Visa may be required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Malaysia Airlines MH | 773

12:35

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Chiang Mai, Thailand

03 h

16:35

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Malaysia Airlines MH | 156

14:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

09 h 10 m

19:00

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Malaysia Airlines MH | 4821 | Operated By Saudia

13:55

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

02 h 05 m

16:00

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Bangkok Airways, Air India, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,762

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Bangkok Airways PG | 216

10:10

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 25 m

11:35

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Air India AI | 2353

14:45

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Bangkok, Thailand

04 h 35 m

17:50

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Mumbai, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Air India AI | 2865

19:45

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Mumbai, India

02 h 05 m

21:50

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Lion Air, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,792

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai Lion Air SL | 511

13:30

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 15 m

14:45

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Lion Air SL | 216

21:05

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 55 m

23:30

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Lion Air, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,804

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai Lion Air SL | 509

13:10

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 15 m

14:25

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Lion Air SL | 216

21:05

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 55 m

23:30

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Lion Air, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,815

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai Lion Air SL | 513

15:05

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 20 m

16:25

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Lion Air SL | 216

21:05

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 55 m

23:30

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,825

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai AirAsia FD | 3428

12:00

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 05 m

13:05

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia FD | 137

20:25

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 45 m

22:40

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,833

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai AirAsia FD | 3448

13:10

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 10 m

14:20

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia FD | 137

20:25

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 45 m

22:40

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,862

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai AirAsia FD | 3440

16:30

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 10 m

17:40

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia FD | 137

20:25

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 45 m

22:40

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,873

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai AirAsia FD | 3426

15:05

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 10 m

16:15

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai AirAsia FD | 137

20:25

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T1

Don Mueang Intl-Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 45 m

22:40

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Airways, Jazeera Airways

SGD 1,928

Transit Visa may be required | Re Check-in of Baggage required

Chiang Mai to Kuwait , 3 Apr

Thai Airways TG | 113

16:55

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Chiang Mai, Thailand

01 h 25 m

18:20

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Bangkok, Thailand

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Thai Airways TG | 325

21:50

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Bangkok, Thailand

03 h 35 m

23:55

Fri, 3 Apr 26

Terminal T2

Bengaluru, India

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

14:15

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Bengaluru, India

17:20

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Jazeera Airways J9 | 3432

17:50

Sat, 4 Apr 26

Dammam, Saudi Arabia

01:50

Sun, 5 Apr 26

Terminal T5

Kuwait, Kuwait

BAGGAGE : CHECK INCABIN

Information not available

Chiang Mai to Kuwait Flights Information:-

Looking for Chiang Mai to Kuwait Flight? Hereโ€™s all you need to know! For convenience and to save time, pick the airport that is closest to your destination. The nearest airport to Kuwait is Kuwait International Airport and the IATA code for the same is KWI.
Currently, there are 8 airlines operating flights between the two destinations and approximately 14 flights take off from Chiang Mai to Kuwait every week.

Need information on Chiang Mai to Kuwait airfare?

The minimum airfare for a Chiang Mai to Kuwait flight would be 1749, which may go up to 3335 depending on the route, booking time and availability.
It is recommended that you book a round-trip, since it always works out to be more economical.

Flight Details for Chiang Mai to Kuwait

If you are looking for Chiang Mai to Kuwait flights, there is no dearth of options to choose from. Several reputed airlines currently offer both direct and indirect flights between the two destinations. Some of these are Air India, Bangkok Airways, Emirates, Jazeera Airways, Malaysia Airlines, Thai AirAsia, Thai Airways, Thai Lion Air. Out of these, only 0 airlines operate direct flights. Indirect flights may involve more travel time, but they usually cost lesser than direct flights.

The number of flights operated by each airline is as follows:Air India : 1, Bangkok Airways : 1, Emirates : 1, Jazeera Airways : 1, Malaysia Airlines : 1, Thai AirAsia : 1, Thai Airways : 1, Thai Lion Air : 1

To board the first Chiang Mai to Kuwait flight, choose Bangkok Airways, Air India, Jazeera Airways, which departs at 10:10 The last flight for this route is Thai Airways, Jazeera Airways, departing at 16:55

Kuwait Airport Information

Kuwait International Airport
Directorate General of Civil Aviation, PO Box 17, Safat 13001, State of Kuwait
Tel: 433 5599 | 433 4499 (Flight Information)

About Chiang Mai (CNX)

Chiang Mai, means โ€˜new cityโ€™, is the largest and culturally significant city in northern Thailand and is the capital of Chiang Mai Province. The city is adjacent to The Ping River, an important tributary of Chao Phraya River. It is Thailand's fifth largest city, surrounded by mountains and lush green countryside. Also termed as the โ€˜Rose of the Northโ€™, it has a significant expat population. The city has successfully managed to combine its rich history and traditions along with modern side, making it a dynamic and modern city. It has a distinct international airport with direct flights to all countries in regions of China, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Burma and Cambodia. The city has many businesses and foreign organizations located from over the past decade due to its excellent infrastructure. The city has an atmosphere of composure and timeless culture with more than three hundred temples, some of them are the most beautiful and revered in entire Buddhist world. The immediate vicinity of the city is full of genuine adventures such as river rafting, Jungle tours, elephant riding and hill tribe village. It is a great hub for shopping of handicrafts, clothes and luxury items and you can find everything at great prices. The city is full of small family-run shops to world-class luxury outlets and shopping malls. Famous for its friendly people, beautiful women, amazing handicrafts, awesome climate and stunning mountain scenery, the city has numerous entertainment options with plenty of festivals, outdoor activities and great nightlife. The quality of living is supreme and you can find accommodation and food of highest standard at very low cost. Local transport is provided in four forms: tuktuks, songthaews, rickshaws and Chinag Mai Bus Service. This is one of the exotic and adventure-filled countries which can be extraordinary affordable and peaceful as well. You can instantly book cheap air tickets from MakeMyTrip.com and visit this beautiful and scenic place. It is a leading website in the entire online travel industry. The website offers you the broadest selection of travel products and services in India. You can even book hotels according to our need and budget. This website helps you to plan your travel in a convenient and affordable manner.

Important Information about Chiang Mai to Kuwait Flight

Lowest Fare to Travel with Date SGD undefined- 03 Apr
Total flights from Chiang Mai to Kuwait in a week 14 Flights
First Flight Bangkok Airways, Air India, Jazeera Airways, departs at 10:10
Last FlightThai Airways, Jazeera Airways, departs at 16:55
Non-Stop Flights from Chiang Mai to Kuwait0
Airport Name & codes of Chiang Mai & Kuwait Chiang Mai International Airport, Chiang Mai-CNX, Kuwait International Airport,Kuwait-KWI

Chiang Mai Address

Chiang Mai Airport, Thailand, 60 Sanambin Road, Suthep District, Amphoe Muang, Changwat Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
Tel: +66 (0)53 270222/33 | +66 (0)53 203300/19 | Fax: +66 (0)53 277284

About Kuwait (KWI)

Kuwait, officially known as the State of Kuwait, is a country on the western front of Asia. The name itself is derived from the Arabic word โ€œKut,โ€ which literally translates to fortification. Until the eighteenth century, it was not a permanent settlement but a mere home to nomads. The reason Kuwait came to be was the conditions of drought that pushed nomadic clans to settle along the coast of the Arabian Gulf. These tribes built forts to protect themselves from other nomads, and hence, the countryโ€™s name came into existence.

The affluent nature of the state is only a recent discovery, when in 1934, Kuwait oil reserves were discovered. These reserves are the sixth largest in the world. Apart from oil, the countryโ€™s currency itself, the Kuwaiti Dinar, is the most expensive currency in the world. The golden period of the country was from 1946 to 1982. 1961 was the year when the country gained its independence. It is the first gulf country to have an established constitution. When one visits Kuwait, they see a very different side of life from that in the other gulf countries; Kuwait is a progressive city, which has a lot to offer to the curious traveller. One of the most enticing things about Kuwait is the delicacy named โ€œMachboosโ€ โ€“ a rice-based dish garnished with spices and meat, made from the best quality basmati rice โ€“ and certainly a must-have on your list of things to try in Kuwait.

 

How to reach Kuwait

 

By Air โ€“ The main airport in Kuwait is the Kuwait International Airport. All major airlines operate flights to Kuwait from major international cities across the world. The following airlines operate direct flights to Kuwait: Air India, Kuwait Airlines, FlyDubai, Jet Airways, and Biman Bangladesh. Check out MakeMyTrip flights to Kuwait to find the best deals in international flights.

 

By Train โ€“ Kuwait does not have a railway network or connectivity to other Arab countries. However, there are plans for one to be established in the near future.

 

By Road โ€“ One can drive to Kuwait through the international borders from any of the nearby cities in the African continent. Highways connect Kuwait to Oman, Muscat, etc.

 

What to do in Kuwait

 

As compared to its gulf neighbours, Kuwait is a very progressive and liberal country. It promotes and supports civil liberties and freedom of press, and has a functioning constitution. The rich cultural and historical, as well as the commercial heritage of Kuwait make it a must-visit Gulf country.

The country also has a big population of falcons, which is its national bird. One can witness them throughout the country.

Summers in Kuwait last from May to October, and are hot; however, sometime in August, the humidity levels set in and rise to 90 per cent. From November until April, the weather here is pleasant and enjoyable. The days are warm and sunny, while the nights become cool, which also makes this period the best time to visit the country. However, December and January witness freezing temperatures. Here are some of the top places to visit in Kuwait:

                Kuwait Towers

                The Liberation Towers

                Dhow Harbour

                Doha Village in Kuwait

                Failaka Island

                Grand Mosque

                Green Island

                Kubbar Island

                National Museum

                Failaka Heritage Village

                Kuwait House of National Works Museum

                Tareq Rajab Museum

                Sadu House

                The Seif Palace

                The Scientific Center

                Souk Al-Mubarakiya

                The Avenues

                The 360 Mall

                Marina Mall

                Kuwait Zoo

                Al Kout Beach

                Magic Planet Kuwait

                KidZania

                Aqua Park

                Sadu House

                Salmiyah

                The Mirror House

                The Scientific Centre

                Tareq Rajab Museum

                Amricani Cultural Centre

 

Major Airports in and near Kuwait

Kuwait has three airports: the Kuwait International Airport, Ali Al Salem Air Base and Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base. Among these, the Kuwait International Airport is where all major airlines operate flights to Kuwait and from the city. It is located in Farwaniya, Kuwait, 15.5 kilometres away from the main city of Kuwait. It is a hub to airlines like Kuwait Airways, Jazeera Airways, and Wataniya Airways, which operate daily flights to Kuwait.

MakeMyTrip offers a wide range of flights to Kuwait, over 140 flights to Kuwait on a daily basis from all over the world. From India, flights operate from cities including Udaipur, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and New Delhi.

 

One can easily use the MakeMyTrip website to book a flight to Kuwait or from Kuwait. MakeMyTrip flights to Kuwait can be availed at highly discounted rates during festivals and off seasons.

Kuwait Address

Directorate General of Civil Aviation, PO Box 17, Safat 13001, State of Kuwait
Tel: 433 5599 | 433 4499 (Flight Information)

Frequently Asked Questions - Chiang Mai to Kuwait Flights

Is there a way to make flexible departure date bookings for your Chiang Mai to Kuwait flight tickets?

Some travel portals like MakeMyTrip offer flexible departure and arrival booking option with certain air carrier when booking from Chiang Mai to Kuwait. You can check the flexible booking flight options once you get the results filters based on your search and make the booking accordingly. Please note, some airlines make charge extra for flexible travel dates.

Is passport mandatory to travel from Chiang Mai to Kuwait?

When making an international trip, passport is mandatory as it defines your identity to the other nation officials. The VISA norms may differ from country to country, which means some would allow Visa on arrival and others may require you to obtain visa in advance. But the availability of passport is mandatory at the time of departure and arrival as well.

What is the best time to book cheap flight tickets from Chiang Mai to Kuwait?

To get cheap flight tickets from Chiang Mai to Kuwait, the best time would be to plan your trip during the off season. At that time the flight tickets are usually cheaper than the peak season and the accommodation booking is also available at the affordable price. The other way of booking cheap flight tickets from Chiang Mai (CNX) to Kuwait (KWI) is to book atleast 4 weeks in advance before your departure date to get competitive pricing on your tickets even during the peak season.

How do MakeMyTrip finds the lowest available dare for flights from Chiang Mai to Kuwait?

MakeMyTrip is a popular travel portal that also works as a travel search engine that allows you to see best available results for your flight search. Every time you make search for flights to any destination, the MMT algorithm picks all the available air carriers for the route and filter rates basis on the cheapest fare available in their system. At MMT, you can not only search flights on the basis of the fare, but you can also see which flight offers direct route, which has multiple stop-overs, baggage allowance, in-flight meal options, cancellation policy, etc. You can also check available discounts offered by payments partners and air carriers when booking the flight.

Can I cancel my ticket from Chiang Mai to Kuwait without cancellation charges?

To avoid cancellation charges on your air tickets, you need to make a selection at the time of booking for ZERO cancellation. Please note, the zero cancellation facility is chargeable with minimum amount and can help you save a lot at the time sudden cancellations.

Which airlines offer cheapest airfare from Chiang Mai to Kuwait?

There is no set pricing for airlines to offer cheap flight fare from Chiang Mai to Kuwait. These fares are mostly decided on the basis of algorithms followed by air carriers to final the prizing based on demand. However, some multiple route flights with stop-overs offer cheap flights as compared to direct flight departing from Chiang Mai to Kuwait.

Can I find cheap accommodation near to airport when travelling from Chiang Mai to Kuwait?

There are several accommodation options available near the Kuwait International Airport. You can check for both budget friendly and well as five star accommodation near the airport depending on your requirement and budget. These hotels are mostly suitable for business travellers.